Economic Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia
1.2
Cooperating in oil gas and power sphere.
The given
direction of cooperating between two countries by us is one of perspective. The
structure of the Kazakhstan export of oil on the countries in 2001 is
characterized by lowering of a share of delivering in the countries of CIS (17
%) and expansion of geography of export of oil in the countries of foreign
countries (83 %) (Diagrama5).
The
indexes of export of petroleum in 2001 essentially have varied as contrasted to
2000. Alongside with export of Kazakhstan realizes import of petroleum. And 98
% of all imported volumes of petroleum are necessary on Russian Federation.
The
lowering of the excise rates on imported petrol with 80 up to 31 EURO per ton
in 2001 and falling recently of world prices per oil promoted magnifying of
delivering of the Russian oil for in-house processing. The export of petroleum
to the countries of CIS became more attractive for Russia, than the delivering
of oil on the world market, as, for example, in Kazakhstan of the price on the
same aspects of petroleum is much higher Russian.
Kazakhstan
more than on 50 % depends on Russia in a ratio of delivering of crude oil on
refinery factory in Shimkentand Pavlodar receive west Siberian oil on the
algorithm manifold from Omsk. Pavlodar refinery factory on 100 % depends from
west Siberian of oil. Shimkent usually works on 75 % on west Siberian and on 25
% on raw material Kumkol of a deposit. Today dependence from of west Siberian
oil “Orgsintez” is reduced half at the expense of use of the Aktyubinsk oil,
transport by a railway transportation from west of Kazakhstan. Because of
lowering production of oil on west Siberian deposits, fadeout of payments and
mutual debts the question of security by oil Pavlodar and Shimkent refinery
factory more than once acquired critical character, and the capacity factor of
powers of these enterprises frequently lowered below 0,5.
Its
technological dependence on Russia falls into basic problems Pavlodar refinery
factory: the production cycle of the enterprise is calculated for consumption
west Siberian of oil with the low contents of sulfur and paraffin. The
perspectives flagship of the Kazakhstan oil processing is complicated with its
neighborhood with the Russian factories - competitors:
Omsk, Ufa,
Volgograd refinery factory by the enterprises being vertically - integrated,
they have stable access to crude oil, besides on reduced prices, which the
necessities of northern Kazakhstan in petroleum could at desire completely
satisfy.
Structure of export of the Kazakhstan oil, 2001
Diagram 5
In oil and
gas of branch the cooperating explicates also through link of share development
of the Kazakhstan deposits. Russia in the projects on natural resources users
in region of Republic of Kazakhstan, as it is possible to see from the
Diagrama6, occupies the fourth place and makes 6 %. The Russian investments in
a mineral-raw complex (MSK) of Kazakhstan have made in 2000 32,2 million of
dollars, including in investigation hydrocarbon of raw material (UVS) 3,5 mln
of dollars, in production of hard minerals (TPI) - 28,7 mln of dollars.
Two
Russian investors “Bashnevt” and OJSC “Lukoil” submit the investments in UVS.
In oil branch of Kazakhstan the company “Lukoil” is submitted in such large
projects, Tengiz and Karachiganak Besides “Lukoil” is ready to expand the
presence at Kazakhstan, messages not only development of ready deposits, but
also prospecting operations.
The large
interest in relation to Kazakhstan is expressed with the large oil Russian
company “Yokus” which has received a section for developments in Russia and
region of Kazakhstan.
Structure of the direct foreign
investments in Kazakhstan,2000 Diagram 6
In sphere
TPI of Kazakhstan the Russian investors are submitted by such large companies,
as the Russian Academy of Science of European Economic Community (83,9 %), OJSC
“Magnitogorsk” metallurgical combine (10,6 %) and NPK “Investor” (3,8 %).
The
Kazakhstan enterprises also show interest to the Russian projects. So,
“Kazakhoil” (“Kazmunaigas”) negotiates for share developments in Tomsk region,
on a deposit “Komsomolsk” in the Astrakhan region. At Kazakhstan oilman there
are intentions to develop deposits in the Arkhangelsk region.
Since
2000 the electric power system of Kazakhstan works in a parallel condition from
European Economic Community of Russia and grid system of the countries of
Central Asia.
The
parallel operation of electric power systems considerably has boosted quality
of electrical power and reliability of electro supply of consumers of
Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Russian Federation, and also has allowed operatively
to realize surplus of electricity both transit of electrical power and powers,
it is more rational to use power powers of electrical stations. The electric
power system of Kazakhstan and Russian Academy of Science European Economic
Comminity of Russia is called secure each other in case of crashes.
In the
whole cooperating of Kazakhstan and Russia in fuel and energy sphere has
noticeable perspectives.
Rather
perspective the project of transfer of a direct current Ekibastuz - Tambov by
voltage 1 500 sq is. This project opens an opportunity of transport of the
electric power of the Siberian power stations and Ekibastuz heater in central
regions of Russia and in the countries of Europe.
With the purposes of security of a mutually acceptable uniform tax
condition of trade in the electric power, utilities equipment it is expedient
to realize transition of the countries at collection of indirect taxes on a
principle the countries of assignment. In this connection for a heightening of
efficiency of a parallel operation of electric power systems the simplification
of customs procedures is important at migration of electrical power through the
customs boundary.
The major
factor of a development of the power market is the deepening of cooperating in
the field of scientific researches and developments of advanced techniques in
manufacture of power, electro technical equipment. Now all aspects of equipment
are made for power stations in Russia, (Leningrad metal factory, Belenergomash,
Uralenergomash, Siberenergomash). With disintegration of Union economic links
between the manufacturers and consumers of a utilities equipment considerably
have worsened, that is negatively reflected in availability index of product of
power complexes of the country. On this question it is expedient except of
concrete measures at a level of Government.
1.3
Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications.
Cooperating
in sphere of transport and communications one of the most perspective regions
of a development of two-sided ratios between Kazakhstan and Russia. Both states
in a context of a development of transport cooperating have the friend for the
friend a strategic value, as, apart from a wide national transport web, occupy
defining a geographical position.
Kazakhstan
and Russia are closely coupled by the transport communications. In this
connection of Kazakhstan is sensitive reacts to any variations under the
tariffs for freight traffic on region of Russia.
One of key here of questions - transportation of
oil and gas through region of Russia. In aggregate transportation of the
Caspian oil and in the whole oil is one of the major sides of the Russia
-Kazakhstan cooperating. First of all this magnifying of a channel capacity of
an oil pipeline Atyrau – Samara up to 15 millions tons of oil per one year. The
intimation into service CPC ensures export of the Kazakhstan oil on a long-term
perspective.
In a period with 1995 and till 1999 Russia gave
Kazakhstan such quota, which did not allow the Kazakhstan exporters to involve
the algorithm manifold Atyrau – Samara on an apparent watts its annual channel
capacity in 10,5 mln of tons of oil. And only in 1999 the algorithm manifold
was loaded almost on 100 %. The agreement on magnifying of a quota at transit
of oil in long-distance foreign countries at first up to 5 mln of tons
(December 23, 1998) was signed, and then (February 25, 1999) up to 7,5 mln of
tons (the quota in short-range foreign countries has remained former - 3,5 mln
of tons). This decision initiated occurrence of the project of reconstruction
and modernizing of the algorithm manifold Atyrau – Samara for magnifying of a
channel capacity at first up to 12 mln of tons, then - up to 15 mln of tons.
This
project, designed transport companies of both countries - Russian “Transoil”
and Kazakhstan “Kazakhoil”, is favorable to both sides. For “Transoil” the
transportation of the Kazakhstan oil on the algorithm manifolds that for
complete use of their powers does not suffice 20 mln tons, brings additional
profit.
The
first stage of reconstruction of the algorithm manifold Atyrau - Samara- its
channel capacity now is realized is lifted up to 12 mln of tons. Due to this
the arrangement with Russia about magnifying of a transit quota in 2000 also
was reached.
For
Kazakhstan the magnifying of a channel capacity of the algorithm manifold
Atyrau – Samara and export of oil through Russia opens the
perspective market of selling, what Europe is. On a system of oil pipelines
"«Friendship" the Kazakhstan oil can act in Germanium, Poland, Hungary,
Slovenia, Czechia and Slovakia, where there is a stable demand for oil. Under
the forecasts of the experts, by 2010 Central and East Europe will import about
80 mln of tons of oil to one year. Now more than half of volumes of imported
oil in this region make delivering of the countries of CIS, primarily - from
Russia (51 %). Having expanded outbound opportunities in this direction,
Kazakhstan can become one of the largest suppliers of raw material in the
European countries.
By share
efforts of Kazakhstan and Russia is put into operation Caspian Pipeline
Consortium (CPC). The common extent of the algorithm manifold makes 1 580 km,
primal channel capacity 28 mln ton / year. Thus for reaching a maximum channel
capacity 67 mln of tons of oil per one year (from them 45 mln ton - for
Kazakhstan oil supplier) it is necessary only to augment opportunities of pump
stations, that is recognized schedule to carry out in four stages. There is a
construction of the algorithm manifold up to Atyrau, which will connect Karachiganak
with CPC and will allow originally pumping up to 7 mln of tons of oil, and in
future - up to 11 mln of tons.
During
nearest of forty years CPC will be a stable source of the incomes for the
shareholders, and also Russia and Kazakhstan. According to accounts, for a
period of maintenance of the algorithm manifold in federal and regional budgets
of Russia will arrive approximately 23,3 billion of US dollars as deductions
and profit, of Kazakhstan will receive approximately 8,2 billion of dollars.
The
development of transport cooperating with Russian Federation is most actual for
Kazakhstan’s for today within the framework of architecture of regional and
transcontinental transit.
Regional
transit. Russian Federation is one of the basic countries of shaping and
assignment of transit weights; on its share it is necessary about 26 % of
shaping and 20 % of assignment of weights from total amount of all transit
transportations.
Transcontinental
transit. In the whole transit streams in directions Southeast and East Asia
Europe are evaluated approximately in 330 - 400 billion of dollars. Thus up to
20 % of these streams can pass through region of Russia and Kazakhstan.
Taking into account in the
whole size commodity circulation, iron roads of the Eurasian continent and
primarily Kazakhstan and Russia have real potential for partial stylus
orientations transcontinental good traffic with sea on railway routes.
For Kazakhstan in this direction of activity has a
primary value a development of transportations on Northern corridor Trans Asian
of a railway turnpike on a route “China - Kazakhstan - Russia – Byelorussia
Poland - Germany. Now Kazakhstan together with Russia Europe - Asia and back
carries on active operation on shaping this terrestrial transport corridor by
the message.
As a whole
in transport-communication sphere before Kazakhstan the following tasks stand:
• Saving conditions for
transit of the Kazakhstan power resources through region of Russia, maintenance
at a necessary level of quotas on transit of oil for Kazakhstan.
• Scheduled magnifying of a
channel capacity CPC.
• Decision of accumulating
questions between the Ministry of means of communication of Russian Federation
and CJSC of “Kazakhstan Temir Joli” on railroad rates and other questions.
• Creation of the share
enterprises in transport branch.
• Realization share
transport - communication of the projects on active use of transit potential of
Kazakhstan and Russia.
2.
ABOUT A CONDITION OF FOREIGN TRADE BOTH DEV’T OF THE JOINT /
ENTERPRISES KAZAKHSAN AND RUSSIA
Indexes of foreign trade of
RK with RF, 1995-2001
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
Commodity
circulation mln of US dollars
|
4 265,5
|
4 809,0
|
4 257.2
|
3 323.2
|
2489,2
|
4227,6
|
4 639,3
|
In % to the
appropriate period of the previous year
|
|
112,7
|
88,5
|
78,1
|
74,8
|
169,8
|
109,7
|
Export, mln
of US dollars
|
2 365,8
|
2484,4
|
2 287,8
|
1 611,4
|
1 138,6
|
1 769,1
|
1 748,4
|
In % to the
appropriate period of the previous year
|
|
105
|
92,1
|
70,4
|
70,7
|
155,4
|
98,8
|
Import, mln
of US dollars
|
1 899.7
|
2 324,6
|
1 969,4
|
1 711,8
|
1 350,6
|
2458,5
|
2 890,9
|
In % to the
appropriate period of the previous year
|
|
122,4
|
84,7
|
86,9
|
78,9
|
182
|
117,6 i
|
Balance,
mln of US dollars
|
466,1
|
159,8
|
318,4
|
-100,4
|
-212
|
-689,4
|
-1 142,5
|
Specific
gravity of Russia in total amount of export from Kazakhstan, in %
|
45,1
|
42
|
35,2
|
29,6
|
19,8
|
19,4
|
20,2
|
Specific
gravity of Russia in total amount of import in Kazakhstan, in %
|
49,9
|
54,8
|
45,8
|
39,4
|
36,7
|
48,7
|
45,4
|
Russian
Federation of the valid historically folded processes of an economic
development is the basic trade partner of Kazakhstan and basic consumer of
Kazakhstan production. The specific gravity of Russian Federation in volume of
export in the countries of CIS annually makes not less than 91-93 %.
In
1997 the reorientation on a development of the foreign trade links with the
countries of long-distance foreign countries began. In this connection a
-percent ratio in volumes of export between the countries of Commonwealth
essentially has varied. In 1997 there was cutting volumes of foreign trade
between Russia and Kazakhstan, per consequent years this tendency continued to
be magnified. On many goods occupying a powerful share in export of Kazakhstan
production in Russia, there was a significant lowering of standard items.
In
2000 there was an essential heightening of volumes of export with all countries
- basic trade partners from among Commonwealth. The foreign trade turnover of
Kazakhstan with Russia in 2000 has approximated to a level of 1997. The export
has increased as contrasted to 1999 in 1,5 times, the import has increased by
82 %. In 2001 as contrasted to 2000 of delivering in Russian Federation
practically have remained at a former level (reduction by 1 %).
Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
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