Economic Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia
Thus, USA
has occupied oil and gases a niche in our region, and Russia and China by
virtue of economic circumstances could not with it compete in this direction.
In
this geopolitical triangle Russia all the same occupied a little bit dominating
positions. This majoring in many respects was determined strategic
military-political component, which role in the international ratios is
traditionally high.
In
a context of a common global situation Russia forced to be reconciled with a
determination of military basses of USA in region of its traditional interests.
Taking
into account all these circumstances, Russia faces to necessity of the policy
in Central Asia. The further prolongation above-mentioned of the tendencies
will have for it painful enough consequences.
Despite of some variation of a role of Russia in
Central Asia, for Kazakhstan the strategic interests in a ratio of Russia
continue to be saved.
The
necessity of activation of ratios with Russia and holding of constructive
cooperating on much important for Kazakhstan to directions is dictated as well
by that in case of essential weakening of Russia in Central Asia it will be
fraught with negative consequences. The situation in region can become unstable
and badly forecast.
In
the whole traditional interests of Kazakhstan in a ratio of Russia are founded
on four factors having long-time character and diminuendos by such eternal
categories, as geography and history.
First, the
maintenance partner of ratios with Russia is necessary valid intercontinental
of an arrangement of Kazakhstan, for which the exit on the world market is
vital for an economic development. Russia in this respect occupies the
strategically important position; being by the state, on which region pass
vital for us strategy of transport and communication.
Secondly,
Russia is one of the important subjects of the international system, having
significant political weight and rather large military-engineering
opportunities. The Russian factor in many respects determines external policy a
situation around of Kazakhstan, both on regional, and at the international
level.
Thirdly, Russia is the major economic partner
Republic of Kazakhstan. It not only imports different production and techniques
to Kazakhstan, but also is the market of selling of Kazakhstan production.
About 70 % of Kazakhstan industrial potential is involved on economy.
In - fourth, both states are combined with a historical
generality, spiritual and cultural links. In region of Russia the man is Kazakh
Diasporas including 740 thousand. In Kazakhstan Russian are second on number
ethnic group, making about 30 percents of the population of the country.
In this context the Russian direction of exterior policy of
Kazakhstan remains to one of priority and strategic.
As a whole at the present stage in the Russian-Kazakhstan ratios
the following most priority and perspective directions of cooperating are
meant:
• Mutual
trade.
•
Interaction in oil and gas and power sphere.
•
Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications.
•
Cooperating in sphere of safety.
1.1
Mutual Trade.
The interests of both countries are
answered with magnifying of mutual trade. Russian Federation traditionally
occupies the first place among the basic trade partners of Kazakhstan both on
export, and on import. Trade turn over in 2001 from Russian Federation has made
4 639,3 million of US dollars (Diagrama1,2).
It is necessary to mark, that last years the growth of a share of
Russian Federation in import and reduction in export is watched. The specific
gravity of Russia in total amount of the Kazakhstan export is sequentially
reduced (from 44,5 % in 1994 up to 20,2 % in 2001) and is augmented in import
(from 36,3 % per 1994 up to 45,4 % per 2001). Within several last years of
Kazakhstan has negative trade balance with Russian Federation.
Basic trade partners, in import, 1994-2001 (%)
|
1994
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
•Russian
Federation
|
36,3
|
54,8
|
45,8
|
39,4
|
36,7
|
48,7
|
45,4
|
• China
|
2
|
0,8
|
1,1
|
1,2
|
2,2
|
3
|
2,8
|
Poland
|
0,7
|
1
|
1
|
1,1
|
1,7
|
1,2
|
0,9
|
•Uzbekistan
|
7,8
|
2,1
|
1,5
|
2,2
|
2,4
|
1,5
|
1,3
|
•Kyrgystan
|
2,9
|
2,1
|
1,5
|
1,2
|
0,7
|
0.6
|
0,4
|
•
Tajikistan
|
0,5
|
0,4
|
0,1
|
0,1
|
0,1
|
0,1
|
0
|
The Diagrama1
Basic
trade partners, in export, 1994-2001 (%)
|
1994
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
•Russian
Federation
|
44.5
|
42
|
35,2
|
29.6
|
19,8
|
19,5
|
20,2
|
• China
|
4,6
|
7,8
|
6,8
|
7
|
8,5
|
7,3
|
7,1
|
Poland
|
1,7
|
0,4
|
0,4
|
0,8
|
1,4
|
0,8
|
1.5
|
•Uzbekistan
|
4
|
3,4
|
2,3
|
2,2
|
1,2
|
1,5
|
1.4
|
•Kyrgystan
|
1,9
|
1,9
|
1
|
1,2
|
1,1
|
0.6
|
1
|
•
Tajikistan
|
03
|
1
|
0.8
|
0.8
|
08
|
0.6
|
0,6
|
The Diagrama2
Considering structure of export and import on groups of the
commodity spectrum, it is possible to select the following characteristic
features.
Export. Structure of export Republic of Kazakhstan in Russian
Federation for the last few years has varied the separate commodity groups have
occupied a leading position.
Now on
four commodity groups (glow iris3) (fuel mineral, oil and petroleum; products
of inorganic chemistry; grain bread and ores) are necessary about 80 % of the
Kazakhstan export in Russia, whereas in 1994 on the pointed groups it was
necessary 53,3 %. In 2001 as contrasted to 2000 the separate outbound
delivering tended to lowering, so, for example, the specific gravity of export
of a grain was reduced from 12 % up to 6 %; the export of products of inorganic
chemistry was reduced from 14 % up to 13 %. Certainly, on lowering of export in
Russia renders influence a variance between the in-house prices and prices of
outbound delivering.
At the same time it is necessary to mark, that the reduction of
export has taken place not on all basic groups of the commodity spectrum. The
specific gravity of export of ore has increased from 8 % up to 10 % and export
of fuel from 46 % up to 47 %.
Import of republic of Kazakhstan goes into first five of the
countries of the basic trade partners of Russia in import. The specific gravity
of import of Russia has increased in total amount of the Kazakhstan import from
36,7 % per 1999 up to 45,4 % per 2001. There were insignificant variations in
groups of imported commodity production. So, the volumes of import were reduced
Diagram 3
Diagram
4
Transport,
accordingly, from 15 % in 2000 up to 11 % in 2001, alongside with it the
magnifying of import on such commodity groups is marked: fuel mineral (from 17
% up to 21 %), chemical production (from 14 % up to 16 %), black metals and
work pieces from them (from 11 % up to 13 %) (Diagrama4).
The
analysis of export and import displays, that in structure of import as against
export there is no predominance of separate commodity groups, it more diversification,
at the same time grows a specific gravity of articles of food, products of
processing ready articles.
From 89 regions of Russian Federation 72 have trade
- economic links with Republic of Kazakhstan. Depending on volume trade turn
over with Kazakhstan these regions Russia can divide into a series of groups.
The active participants of the foreign trade activity with Kazakhstan are first
three groups of regions of Russia (table 1).
As a whole
on 16 regions of Russian Federation from 72 it is necessary 80 % exterior trade
turn over of Russia with Kazakhstan. The high activity pointed 16 regions is
stipulated by more developed structure of their industrial manufacture with
predominance of fuel-raw, petrochemical and machine-building specializations.
Feature of transport -geographical interregional
links of regions of Russia with Kazakhstan is the directedness mutual goods
traffic primarily with Ural, Western and East Siberia, and also with Moscow and
Moscow region.
Basic groups of the trade
partners of Kazakhstan in Russia
Group
|
Annual
commodity circulation
|
Regions
|
A share in
common commodity circulation
|
I
|
From 200,0
up to 500,0 mln of dollars
|
Moscow,
Chelyabinsk, Ekaterenburg, Orenburg and Tyumen region
|
0,465
|
II
|
From 100,1
up to 200,0 mln of dollars
|
Omsk,
Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Moscow region. Altay region and Novosibirsk region
|
0,22
|
III
|
From 50,1
up to 100 mln of dollars
|
Kurgan
region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Hakasya, Krasnoyarsk region
and Samara region
|
0,115
|
IV
|
From 20,1
up to 50,0 mln of dollars
|
Perm, Tomsk
region, Republic of Tatarstan, Nizhniy- Novgorod, Belgorod, Volgograd,
Saratov, Rostov, Vladimir, Tula region and. St.-Petersburg
|
0,095
|
V
|
Up to 20
mln dollars
|
Others 45
regions of Russian Federation
|
0,105
|
The
important place in the Russia -Kazakhstan links occupies frontier cooperating,
on which share it is necessary 71,5 % from common commodity circulation. Most
actively explicate trade -economic links with frontier regions of Kazakhstan
Omsk, Orenburg, Astrakhan, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk region and Altay region.
From regions of Russia the ready roll stock of black metals, pipe steel,
petroleum, electric motors, automobiles, forest products, coal, footwear,
fabrics and other goods is taken out. In export of many frontier subjects of
Federation significant volume is necessary on production of a petrochemical
industry (Volgograd, Omsk, Samara region, Altay region - more than 70 %).
In the
Russia -Kazakhstan frontier region more 300 share enterprises, among which such
large interstate join, as “Kazroshim”, “Koksohim”, automobile complex on basis
Ural - for and Kustanay diesel factory operate.
The
essential propagation in trade with Kazakhstan was received with barter
operations (57 %). So, Orsk meat factory the combine sends in Kazakhstan in
basic production of the manufacture and receives in exchange raw material for
manufacture of this production - living cattle and meat. The joint-stock
company “Nosta” receives from Kazakhstan immovable coal and delivers metals.
The
significant experience of mutual economic cooperating with frontier regions of
Kazakhstan accumulated in the Orenburg region, and also Pavlodar region of
Kazakhstan with frontier regions of Russia. Now 18 % of the Orenburg export and
more than 40 % of import have on Kazakhstan.
By the largest foreign trade
partner of Republic Bashkortostan, Altay and Krasnoyarsk edges, Kemerovo,
Irkutsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions is the Pavlodar
region.
As
a whole before Kazakhstan in mutual trade with Russia there is a series of
perspective tasks, which decision will influence definitely a common economic
situation in the country.
One of the
important tasks is the variation trade balance of Kazakhstan from Russian
Federation from negative in positive. Besides the gradual variation of
structure commodity circulation in favorable for Republic of Kazakhstan a
direction is desirable.
Radiating
from interests of two states, it is expedient in the nearest perspective to
consider a complex of measures on hardening links of frontier regions. The
necessity of creation of legal fundamentals of a development of frontier
regions does not call doubts. On our sight, it is necessary to speed up
development of the defining laws. Among them Laws About state support of a socio
economic development of frontier territories Republic of Kazakhstan, About free
economic regions, About frontier trade. It is necessary also to speed up
ratification four sided of the Agreement on basic principles of frontier
cooperating of the states - the participants of the Contract about a deepening
of integration in economic and humanitarian regions from March 29, 1996.
Obvious
presence of potential and mutually advantageous opportunities of Russia and
Kazakhstan also is by way of use of the optimum shapes of specialization,
density of the industrial and financial capital, use of effective financial
instruments, architecture of optimum commodity, financial and transport
streams. In this connection special urgency in a development Kazakhstan –
Russia of links was got with problems of a synchronization of legislative and
normative basis of the countries. It would be expedient to realize step-by-step
transition to collection of the VAT on destination in Kazakhstan – Russia to
trade, having begun it(him) from machines, equipment, vehicles.
Not less
important the coordinated marketing strategy of Kazakhstan and Russia in the
international markets is represented, where the saving and hardening of common
positions is quite possible. The priority direction represents perfecting the
organizational shapes of activity Kazakhstan and Russian suppliers in the world
markets. Them can become cartel of the agreement.
One of the
important instruments of hardening of two-way communications could become
creation of conditions for expansion of contacts between the enterprises,
creation of the share enterprises. On official dates (2000) in republic 220
share Russia -Kazakhstan enterprises and 88 enterprises with the 100--percent
Russian capital actively work. The majority JV in republic, including
Russia-Kazakhstan JV, has trade –intermediary directedness. However as against
other states Russia- Kazakhstan JV of an industrial directedness envelop
considerably wider spectrum of spheres of activity - from production and
processing of natural operational life up to production of a high scale of
processing that in a defined measure confirms an overall performance Russia-
Kazakhstan JV. At the same time Russia –Kazakhstan JV for the present do not
play that role, which they could play in a development of trade -economic
cooperating. Therefore in this direction the active support is expedient on the
part of state structures.
Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
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