Реферат: Общая теория глобализации
Реферат: Общая теория глобализации
Mikhail
Delyagin, Doctor of Economics Public director of Globalization Problem
Institute
General
theory of globalization
«World
for Russia: the way we need it and what we can do with it»
(Analytical
report open part in brief)
September
1998
Contents:
|Resume
|2 | |I. Information technologies expansion |3 |
|
| On difference significance in the technological time | | |speed | | |1.2. New
resources for new technologies |9 | |1.3. Old technologies «depreciation» |10 |
|II. Several consequences of markets globalization |12 | |2.1. Competition
globalization – monopolies globalization |12 | |2.2. «Euro»: suppression of
threat and destructive egoism |13 | |!2.3. Financial competition |14 | | Technological
process slowdown | | |III. Global regulation for global competition |17 | |3.1.
What will unite the world into «Economic UNO»? |17 |
w6
| |3.3. Value of global regulation |18 |
About
the author in brief
Delyagin,
Mikhail Gennadjevich, born in 1968, Doctor of Economics.
From
1990 till 1993 – expert of the B. Eltsyn Group of Experts, since 1994 – leading
analyst of the President of Russia Analytic Department, since 1996 – referent
of the President of Russia assistant. Since March 1997 – advisor of the
vice-prime-minister – Minister of Internals, since June 1997 – advisor of the
first vice-prime-minister Mr. B. Nemtsov. On his leaving the government one day
prior to August 17th, he established a Globalization Problem Institute. In the
beginning of October 1998 after new government under Mr. Primakov had started
its work, he was restored at the public service.
He
has more than 300 publications (including in the USA, Germany, France, China,
India, Egypt etc.), 4 monographs, with the latest - «Economy of non-payments»
was republished for three times since 1996 till 1997.
Resume
1.
Information technologies development has brought to:
.
«meta-technologies» creation, application of which makes it impossible for the
party which applies such technologies to compete with the developers of these
technologies;
.
reorientation of technologies from necessary material objects formation to
necessary type of conscious and culture formation
(transformation
from high-tech to high-hume);
.
acceleration of information technologies development to such extent that
«short», theoretical investments are productive for the most advanced
information technologies;
.
approximate depreciation of traditional technologies;
.
Information society creation in which money plays second role as compared with
technologies.
.
Major humanity technological development prospects:
.
Exacerbation and compelling character acquisition by divultion between
developed and backward countries, and also between developed countries and
creating new technologies and the rest developed countries;
.
Insulation of people engaged in information technologies into internal
«information
community», its concentration in the territory of the developed countries; slow
concentration of the «information community» of the world and together with it
concentration of the world progress in the «most developed» countries;
.
progress termination beyond the developed countries; social and financial
degradation of the developing countries;
.
Possible abrupt slowdown of the progress in the result of global financial
crises and destructive competition between the USA and
European
Currency Union.
.
Global monopolies formation is being performed:
.
At global markets of separate financial instruments;
.
In the course of these markets integration process (reduction of the
«transformation
value» among them to negligible level) as information technologies advance – in
the form of the united global monopoly.
These
processes will demand in the nearest future creation of the overnational
regulation mechanism for global monopolies, which will be of more malaise
character.
|
The whole development of the humanity including in the field of | |economics is
determined nowadays and will be determined in the | |nearest decade by progress
to the new qualitative level with two | |fundamental processes simultaneously:
new technologies development, | |information technologies primarily, and based
on it quick competition| |globalization, primarily in the financial markets. |
!lvl0I.
Information technologies expansion
1.1.
Information technologies: money recedes into the background
Technological
development has brought in the middle nineties to actual creation by the most
advanced part of the humanity that very «information community» which has been
widely discussed for the last decades and so that no one takes the matter
seriously.
Realities
of its functioning, casual connections and competitive potential by the reason
of intellectual and technological gap can be hardly perceivable by those who
are beyond of that process.
The
most important way of showing this qualitative technological breakthrough which
has lead to creation of the information society and at the same time one of its
major parts is creation and quick distribution of the so-called
«meta-technologies».
Specifics
of this type of technologies lies in that that the fact of thier implementation
makes for the party which uses such technologies principially impossible to
compete with the developer of these technologies in a serious level. This may
be called a price for access to the effectiveness of a higher level which is
provided by such technologies and which might be found in dealer and licensed
systems. Modern advanced technologies in direct or indirect form place the user
in the position of a licensee.
The
most telling examples of meta-technologies are:
.
Network computer: distribution of its memory in the net provides the developer
with the whole information of the user and allows the developer to interfere into
activity of the latter or even to control it (external control principle of the
plugged in computer has bee already realized);
.
Modern communication technologies which allow to wiretap all telephone messages
all over the world; in the nearest future computer processing of the whole
volume of these messages and also wiretap of all messages in the Internet will
be possible;
.
Different organization technologies; their main subgroups:
*
Control technologies, including corporation activity organization: oriented to
culture and value system of the country the developer, such technologies reduce
competitiveness of the corporations which represent other cultures; we should
also note that in general distribution within a society of a foreign types of
culture which do not integrate with the culture of the society and as the
result the culture which not only enriches it but remains detached from it,
makes competitiveness of this society weaker;
*
Formation of the mass conscious technology: permanent adaptation of the latter
to the forms of influence arouses objective necessity in permanent renovation
of the forms; without renovated technologies which at first appear in the
leading country and then are distributed in other countries mass conscious of
the society using technologies which influence it will get out of hand of the
state.
Nowadays
the said technologies have become predominating for their being the most
productive. These technologies having sweepingly spread for the last years have
already become a technological component of the information society: if we
speak about it from the technological point of view we possibly
half-consciously and non knowing about their peculiarities we intend first of
all meta-technologies.
It
is quite natural, that conscious transformation from creation of new
technologies to their distribution and which is followed by creation of
information society was expressed in the clearest form by the leader of this
process Mr. W. Gates. He pointed out that the main factor for information technologies
development as compared with the previous of 1997 year, lays not in their
upgrading but in complex usage of already existing technical means for
«information transparency» of all countries — «transparency» as far as it can
be understood quiet homogeneous for the countries creating meta-technologies
and aiming at protection of their global competitive advantages.
But
significance of information technology distribution is not limited by creation
of meta-technologies and safe provision of psychological, intellectual and
technological leadership of their creators. Besides provision of global
information transparency the most important part of information technologies is
the possibility (in 1999 it is still potential) for deep and quite free reconstruction
of mass conscious.
The
point is that unlike traditional «material» technologies the product of which
are the goods, the product of information technologies nolens volens is a
certain condition of the human conscious including mass conscious. Moreover:
the most significant part of information technologies was primarily aimed at
such reconstruction of human conscious taking it into consideration as the
major purpose for influence.
It
is more effective to influence conscious than to influence the material.
Technologies connected with it have already received the name. They are called
«high-hume» versus «high-tech». In previous times technologies were oriented to
matter but nowadays they are reorienting to the public conscience, public
culture. Besides their high productivity, «high-hume» technologies differ with
high changeability, i.e. maximum speed of making progress.
The
pioneers of their exploration — the USA — engage the most mobile and in
correspondingly the most effective form of financial capital — venture capital
— to creation of the most effective type of information technologies.
Engagement of such capital to creation of the ordinary technologies as it is
may be shown by the experience of the developing countries is impossible
because of «slowness» of the non-information technologies: performance of any
project connected with such technologies demand for larger time period than
traditionally «short» venture capital is ready to be invested.
In
the result of it we observe destructive non-compliance of the speed of the
venture capital turnover and establishment of traditional technologies.
Wide-ranging investments of the venture capital are not effective for the
national economy because of the said factors: it leaves without creating
anything real and leaving after it only desolation.
But
the speed of information technology development has a qualitative higher rank
than ordinary technologies. That is why information technologies are the only
type of technologies in respect of which «short» venture capital has a quite
normal productivity. Their technological cycle is so small that it corresponds
to the speed of the financial capital turnover.
That
is why the American economy should not be afraid of «distending a soap exchange
bubble»: it looks like a soap bubble only from outside. Actually the huge part
of these venture investments is directed into the information technologies and
at expense of their accelerated tempo of their development carries for their
recipient quite normal productive but not venture character.
This
is the principal advantage of the American economy over economics of other
countries of the world. This is the reason for its medium term stability in the
forthcoming global financial
|On
difference significance in the technological time speed | |Significance of the
time factor in new conditions is evidently | |demonstrated by the mass
bankruptcy of computer firms in the USA. The| |bankruptcy is followed by the
fact that implementation of new | |technological principles demands for such
period of time that these | |principles become outdated. | |Thus, the company
which directs a part of its resources from the | |sphere of technological race
to the practical realization of new | |decisions reaches the slow scale of
«technological time» and fails as| |compared with its competitors which remain
in the zone of «pure» | |sphere of new ideas development in which the
technological times | |changes in a quicker way. |
But
application of «high-hume» technologies is connected also with danger. Thus,
seeming easiness and impunity of conscious influence arouse the most dangerous
professional illness of the employees engaged in the sphere of public relations
– it! is the temptation to solve problems not in the real way but with the help
of the so-called «brainwashing» method or we may use more exact German analogue
of this term: ote Seelenmassage».
The
first problem of «high-hume» is connected with it: on carrying away by it the
control system (of the state or of the corporation) starts the process of
self-hypnosis that makes it inadequate. It is principally important:
«high-hume» technologies are dangerous not only for the object of their
influence, but for their user as they also transform conscious of the user.
The
second problem: to reach the political result it will be enough for the user of
the «high-hume» technology to form necessary type of conscious of no more than
20% of the population being the elite of the society and influence on taking resolutions
and being the example.
Efforts
in this direction evidently draw the line between the elite and general mass of
population and create within the society internal disagreements between the
self-hypnosed elite and the rest population. Moreover: the elite being apart
from the population began to percept the ideas, which correspond to its
principles. In the result of it 80% of the intellectual potential of the
society is lost – while the
Thus,
gradual appliance of information technologies in respect of the elite class of
the society is limited by the area of democratic borders of the elite class
itself and that is why it reduces the society potential. We saw the example of
the Russian reformers of 1992 — 1998 years, who could run away from the population
by application such advanced information technologies to themselves to such
extent as the communists could do for seventy years of their domination.
In
the result of it we have a paradox: more advanced informa6tion society should
be less flexible and adaptive and as a result less viable but more stable in
its confrontation with non-information society. Is not it the reason for
paradox viability of the authoritarian regimes in the end of XX century?
It
is possible that this phenomenon is an «implemented guarantee» from the
informational imperialism, from subordination of the entire world to one the
most informed country. And the total mortification of the conscious of other
countries with the help of information technologies is impossible because of
differences in cultural aspect which automatically defend minimal intellectual
and information sovereignty of each nation separately. But it would be too
naive to hope for it as the major resolution of the forthcoming problems under
the circumstances of gradual integration of cultures into united culture for
the whole world (On the first stage into three major cultures — Christian,
Islamic and Buddhistic).
Taking
into consideration a private case of information war – «culture aggression»
(i.e. obtrusion of its own culture to the society the potential of which it
does not correspond) as an instrument of international competition (applied
only mainly in the inconscient way, in the order of markets winning for sale —
the carries of such culture), we should re- estimate the role playing by
traditions.
Traditions
are the psychological protection from something new: it is the attempt to live
as if nothing has happened. In the conditions of reconstruction of mass
conscious of actual and probable competitors of the tradition starts to act not
like an ostrich, but it goes through minimization of negative consequences in
changes having «squatter» order: attempt to cancel by ignoring of these charges
or cancellation of their major part. I.e. it is a spontaneous reflection of the
information attack by the information method.
*
* *
The
above said means that creation and distribution of meta- technologies reduces
significance of financial resources from the point of view of competitiveness
of the societies and corporations: if they have been the main source of power
earlier, now they become only its consequence. Intellect has become the main
source of the market power. Intellect is embodied in organizational structures
of the research and market corporations creating meta-technologies and holding
control over such technologies.
Rephrasing
Mr. M. Fridman we can say that money recedes into the background after creation
of the information society. The reason lies in the following: that property
right for the meta-technologies makes an organically inalienable part of the
holder and his intellect, with the help of which these technologies have been
created and are supported, according to technological reasons.
Meta-technologies
in a greater degree will transform in a «second nature» making the borders and
creating conditions for development of the personality and the humanity in
general. As such these technologies will gradually exchange market relationship
and property rights performing these functions since the moment of money
appearance.
1.2.
New resources for new technologies
Disintegration
of the USSR has given to the developed countries such a financial and
intellectual possibility that they were able to speed up their development on
the «lagan» of the disintegrated USSR (differences in orientations and
correspondingly outlook for Europe and the USA shows that the first one has got
finances and the latter – intellect). Thus, having won in the cold war
developed countries not only destroyed their global antagonist as we have got
used to consider but they managed to do more: they have captured and used its
resources which were truly speaking dreadfully used (the socialism differed
from the capitalism also in the fact that on preparing the best in the world
people resources it united them into organizations in the worst way).
It
has a principal importance that in the new information postindustrial world the
most important resources are first of all finances and intellect, which may
travel very easily from one territory to another, but not the territory with
fixed production and people.
Страницы: 1, 2
|